• Addressing:  Public IP (ISPs); Private IP (Local Networks)

• Bandwidth:  transmission rates Mbs, Kbps, bps

• Status Indicators:  diagnostic network device che (NIC shows link indicator and activity indicator.)

• Full-duplex connection:  two circuits each send-receive .
• Half-duplex: one circuit to send/receive – but not at the same time.

• Network architecture:  includes protocols, toplogies, connections

ETHERNET

Ethernet: the first number of each standard indicates the transmission speed in Mbps; signalling type= middle; transmission medium = ending. eg., 100BaseTX where 100mpbs, base=baseband transsmission, TX=twisted pair.

T = twisted pair

F, FL, FX, LX, SX = fiber optic cable

10Base2 , where 2= thinnet coaxial

10Base5, where 5=thicknet coaxial cable.

Standard Ethernet implementations: 10Base2, 10Base5, 10BaseT, 10BaseF.

Fast ethernet= 100mbs

Gigabit ethernet: 1000mbs, with 1000BaseT, 1000BaseCX, 1000BaseFX.
TOKEN RING

Type 1, Type 3

Type 1=STP cables

4-16 Mbs

Type 3=UTP 4 or 16 Mbps

PROTOCOLS

• TCP/IP
• NWLINK IPX/SPX  (Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequence Packet Exchange)
• NETBEUI/NetBIOS (NetBIOS Extend User Interfaace / Network Basic Input/Output System.)

TCP/IP –>

1. IP Address Heirarchy <– devices
2. TCP Heirarchy <– transport protocol

• IP Adress
• Subnet Mask
• Default Gateway

IP Address = 32-bit number, or four 8-bit octets

IPs can be assigned manually or dynamically using the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

255.255.255.255

subnet masks: divides a large network into smaller networks; common network prefix.

IP address have network section and a node section

Class A 1.0.0.0 to 126.255.255.255

Octet 1= 1-126 = Class A, which has a maximum of 126 networks. Each network can have 16,777,214 hosts under default subnet mask 255.0.0.0

Class B 128.0.0.0 to 195.255.255.255

Octets 1 and 2 identify Class B. (128.0 to 191.255)

B Class networks have a maximum 65,534 networks, each with 65,534 hosts

Class C uses IPs from 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255

The first 3 octets 192.255.0 to 223.255.255 identifes it as Class C.

Class C has a maximum of 2,097,152 networks, each network with 254 hosts.

DEFAULT GATEWAYS = the Router Address to which the host sends traffic.

NETWORK CABLES

Coaxial
Twisted Pair
Fiber Optic
Plenum/PVC

RS-232 serial cable connects two computers together.
USB
IEEE 1394/FIreWire

1394/FireWire and USB = serial data transfers

USB = one pair of wires for data transfer @ half-duplex data transmission.

null-modem cable= specific pin contacts reversed. Adapter required for direct connection.

COAXIAL CABLE

- now replaced by UTP, STP, fiber optic, and wireless

Coaxial = half duplex @10Mbps

UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR CABLE (UTP) = 4 pairs of wires, no foil shiled.

Examples of UTP:

CAT3 T (10 BaseT networks up to 10Mbps

CAT5 ( 100Mbps. Backward compatible to 10Mbps standards)

CAT6  (up to 1000Mbps& backward compatible)

SHEILDED TWISTED PAIR CABLE (STP)

four pairs of insulated wires with foil shields STP is the same as UTP except for the shielding.

protects from EMI sources.

FIBER OPTIC CABLE

with Ethernet networks.

1. Single mode fiber optic cable – 5 or 10 microns. 50 km Range.

2. Multi Mode fiber optic cable – 50, 62.5 or 100 microns. 3000 km range

FDDI = fiber cable in Token Ring networks.

Plenum/Polyvinyl Chloride Cable (PVC) <– no toxic gases when burned.

NETWORK CONNECTORS

• SC, ST standard connectors and straight tip connectors
• LC
• MT-RJ
• RJ-11
• RJ-45
• USB and IEEE1394/FireWire